So, good morning, late start, but anyways, today we will continue with the introduction

and later on we will do a little math and learn about a basic mathematical concept that

we will use over and over again during the lecture.

So what I'm going to talk about today is I will explain to you what morphological imaging

is, what molecular imaging is, and then I will explain the two terms, diagnostic and

interventional imaging, and then I will summarize with a few take-homes.

So morphologic imaging is basically a term or a description for all the imaging modalities

that show the anatomy.

So you can see bone structures, you can see internal organs or inner organs and things

like that.

So morphologic imaging is about the imaging of the physical appearance of the inner human

body like shape, structure, or density.

That's morphologic image.

It shows just the body as it is.

It's not showing any internal metabolism processes, some chemical reactions or things like that.

It's just showing the anatomy.

Here on the right hand side on this image you see two examples of CT images.

This here is a typical bone image you can capture using a CT scanner or here you see

the muscles and vessels and things like that.

Major modalities for morphologic imaging, which are the major modalities?

Well, of course endoscopes show the surface.

So you see the anatomy and the structure.

X-ray allows you to look through the human body.

Computed tomography generates 3D data sets of the human body.

The same is true for magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound imaging is also showing morphology.

But the lower two modalities are also candidates for functional imaging.

Functional imaging means that you see how the body works.

With magnetic resonance imaging you can for instance show perfusion, how the blood distributes

for instance through the tissue.

You can visualize that.

Or with ultrasound imaging you can apply a method that you know maybe from physics from

school the Doppler effect you can use to show for instance the blood flow and the velocity

of the blood flow.

So these are two modalities that allow both for morphologic and functional imaging.

And in X-ray and computed tomography there are also current research projects where we

try to use these devices for showing certain functional processes in the human body.

So morphologic imaging basically requires in the future a further increase of spatial

and contrast resolution.

So we want to visualize things that are getting smaller and smaller and smaller.

For instance we have here at our local university one project that is about animal imaging.

If you have a small mouse you know things are much smaller.

So we really try to go down to a resolution of micrometers and of course contrast resolution.

We want to be able to differentiate also very similar tissue classes for instance in the

image.

And of course the long term view is to bring things down to a molecular level.

That would be fantastic.

The morphologic imaging also requires the minimization of the artifacts caused by motion.

That's also a problem that we are considering in our lab as a research topic.

If you have a patient on the table and he gets a catheter into the coronary heart arteries

and you capture images of course the patient is breathing and the breathing process turns